Phytocompositions of ayurvedic medicine in the restoration of menstrual health in women of early reproductive age who have survived moderate and severe form of COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2023.69.104-112Keywords:
COVID-19, menstrual health, menstrual cycle, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, Femicycle, FemimensAbstract
Research objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of phytotherapy in the treatment of menstrual health disorders in women of early reproductive age after a moderate and severe form of the coronavirus disease.
Material and methods. 104 women of early reproductive age with menstrual health disorders that occurred 3 months later after moderate or severe COVID-19 were under observation and 34 gynecologically and somatically healthy women of the control group who did not suffer from COVID-19. Female patients with COVID-19 were randomly divided into two groups: the main group (n=53) and the comparison group (n=51). The performed examination included: study of complaints, general and gynecological anamnesis, physical and gynecological examination, ultrasound examination of pelvic organs, determination of hormonal profile.
All patients with COVID-19 received a comprehensive rehabilitation program, which included diet therapy, vitamin and mineral complexes, psychotherapy. In addition to the complex rehabilitation program patients of the main group received ayurvedic phytocompositions Femicycle or Femimens for 6 months.
Results. It has been established that the moderate and severe course of the coronavirus infection affects the reproductive system of early reproductive aged women and leads to menstrual health disorders, among which irregular menstruation, premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea dominate. Levels of pituitary, adrenal, ovarian and thyroid serum hormones were within the reference norm in most cases, but have statistically significant deviations from similar indicators of healthy control women who did not have COVID-19. One-third of women of early reproductive age after moderate to severe COVID-19 had elevated prolactin levels.
Ayurvedic phytocompositions Femicycle and Femimens in a comprehensive rehabilitation program for post-COVID menstrual health disorders led to a faster recovery of menstrual health and a full hormonal recovery.
Conclusions. Ayurvedic phytocompositions Femicycle and Femimens are effective and safe naturopathic drugs for restoring menstrual health in women of early reproductive age after experiencing moderate to severe COVID-19.
References
- Holst, A.S., Jacques-Aviñó, C, Berenguera A., et al. “Experiences of menstrual inequity and menstrual health among women and people who menstruate in the Barcelona area (Spain): a qualitative study.” Reprod Health 19(1) (2022): 45.
- The Lancet Child Adolescent Health. “Normalising menstruation, empowering girls.” Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2(6) (2018): 379.
- Munro, M.G., Critchley, H.O.D., Fraser, I.S.; FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. “The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions.” Int J Gynaecol Obstet 143(3) (2018): 393–408.
- Vigil, P., Lyon, C., Flores, B., et al. “Ovulation, a sign of health.” Linacre Q 84(4) (2017): 343–355.
- Hennegan, J., Winkler, I.T., Bobel, C., et al. “Menstrual health: a definition for policy, practice, and research.” Sex Reprod Health Matters. 29 (1) (2021): 1911618.
- Wu, Y., Xu, X., Chen, Z., Duan J, et al. “Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses.” Brain Behav Immun 87 (2020): 18–22.
- Leow, M.K., Kwek, D.S., Ng, A.W., et al. “Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63(2) (2005): 197–202.
- Vladutiu, G.D., Natelson, B.H. “Association of medically unexplained fatigue with ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism in Gulf War veterans.” Muscle Nerve. 30(1) (2004): 38–43.
- “Coronavirus in Ukraine (current statistics as of February 13, 2022).” Access Mode: https://index.minfin.com.ua/reference/coronavirus/ukraine/.
- Cherenack, E.M., Salazar, A.S., Nogueira, N.F., et al. “Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with menstrual irregularities among women of reproductive age.” PLoS One 17(10) (2022): e0276131.
- Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham R., et al. “Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus.” J Virol 94(7) (2020): e00127–20.
- Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., et al. “Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding.” Lancet. 395(10224) (2020): 565–574.
- Letko, M., Munster, V. “Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for lineage B β-coronaviruses, including 2019-nCoV.” bioRxiv [Preprint]. (2020) J: 2020.01.22.915660.
- Jin, Y., Yang, H., Ji, W., et al. “Viruses.” 12(4) (2020): 372.
- Zhou, P., Yang, X.L., Wang, X.G., et al. “A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature.” 579 (7798) (2020): 270–273.
- Lisco, G., De Tullio, A., Stragapede, A., et al. “COVID-19 and the Endocrine System: A Comprehensive Review on the Theme.” J Clin Med 10(13) (2021): 2920.
- Pal, R., Banerjee, M. “COVID-19 and the endocrine system: exploring the unexplored.” J Endocrinol Invest 43 (7) (2020) : 1027–1031.
- Kothandaraman, N., Rengaraj, A., Xue, B., et al. “COVID-19 endocrinopathy with hindsight from SARS.” Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 320(1) (2021): E139–E150.
- Pal, R. “COVID-19, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and clinical implications.” Endocrine. 68(2) (2020): 251–252.
- Wheatland, R. “Molecular mimicry of ACTH in SARS – implications for corticosteroid treatment and prophylaxis.” Med Hypotheses 63(5) (2004): 855–62.
- Hariyanto, T.I., Kurniawan, A. “Thyroid disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.” Diabetes Metab Syndr. 14(5) (2020): 1429–1430.
- Scappaticcio, L., Pitoia, F., Esposito, K., et al. “Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update.” Rev Endocr Metab Disord 22(4) (2021): 803–815.
- Lisco, G., De Tullio, A., Jirillo, E., et al. “Thyroid and COVID-19: a review on pathophysiological, clinical and organizational aspects.” J Endocrinol Invest 44 (9) (2021): 1801–1814.
- Campos-Barrera, E., Alvarez-Cisneros, T., Davalos-Fuentes, M. “Subacute Thyroiditis Associated with COVID-19.” Case Rep Endocrinol 2020 (2020):8891539.
- Rotondi, M., Coperchini, F., Ricci, G., et al. “Detection of SARS-COV-2 receptor ACE-2 mRNA in thyroid cells: a clue for COVID-19-related subacute thyroiditis.” J Endocrinol Invest 44(5) (2021): 1085–1090.
- Leow, M.K., Kwek, D.S., Ng, A.W., et al. “Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 63(2) (2005): 197–202.
- Fourman, L.T., Fazeli, P.K. “Neuroendocrine causes of amenorrhea – an update.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 100(3) (2015): 812–824.
- Palm-Fischbacher, S., Ehlert, U. “Dispositional resilience as a moderator of the relationship between chronic stress and irregular menstrual cycle.” J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 35(2) (2014): 42–50.
- Palm-Fischbacher, S., Ehlert, J. “Dispositional resilience as a moderator of the relationship between chronic stress and irregular menstrual cycle.” Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 35(2) (2014): 42–50.
- Amin, M. “COVID-19 and the liver: overview.” Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 33(3) (2021): 309–311.
- Sharp, G.C., Fraser, A., Sawyer, G., et al. “The COVID-19 pandemic and the menstrual cycle: research gaps and opportunities.” Int J Epidemiol (2021): dyab239.
- Bertone-Johnson, E.R., Ronnenberg, A.G., Houghton, S.C., et al. “Association of inflammation markers with menstrual symptom severity and premenstrual syndrome in young women.” Hum Reprod 29(9) (2014): 1987–94.
- Netland, J., Meyerholz, D.K., Moore, S., et al. “Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2.” J Virol 82(15) (2008): 7264–75.
- Gane, S.B., Kelly, C., Hopkins, C. “Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome?” Rhinology. 58(3) (2020): 299–301.
- Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Klein, S.L., Levin, E.R. “Estradiol, Progesterone, Immunomodulation, and COVID-19 Outcomes.” Endocrinology. 161(9) (2020):bqaa127.
- Vilar, L., Abucham, J., Albuquerque, J.L., et al. “Controversial issues in the management of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas - An overview by the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism.” Arch Endocrinol Metab. 62(2) (2018): 236–263.
- Wei, L., Sun, S., Zhang, J., et al. “Endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).” Biochem Cell Biol. 88(4) (2010): 723–30.
- Leow, M.K., Kwek, D.S., Ng, A.W., et al. “Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63(2) (2005): 197–202.
- Wheatland, R. “Molecular mimicry of ACTH in SARS - implications for corticosteroid treatment and prophylaxis.” Med Hypotheses 3(5) (2004): 855–62.
- Lofthouse M. Hypocortisolism in survivors of SARS. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2005;1(1):8.
- Kollipaka, R., Arounassalame, B., Lakshminarayanan, S. “Does psychosocial stress influence menstrual abnormalities in medical students?” J Obstet Gynaecol 33(5) (2013): 489–93.
- Rafique, N., Al-Asoom, L.I., Latif, R., et al. “Comparing levels of psychological stress and its inducing factors among medical students.” J Taibah Univ Med Sci 14(6) (2019): 488–494.
- Sukhanova, A.A. «Femicycle is an effective and safe solution to the problems of menstrual cycle disorders.» News of medicine and pharmacy. 10(662) (2018). Access mode: http://www.mif-ua.com/ archive/article/46525.
- Tsubanova, N.A. “Pharmacological profile of the phytocomposition Normocycle in the treatment of hormonal imbalances in women.” International Journal of Endocrinology.” 14(4)(2018): 362–372.
- Acharya, N., Acharya, S., Shah, U., et al. “A comprehensive analysis on Symplocos racemosa Roxb.: Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities.” J Ethnopharmacol 181 (2016):236–51.
- Durkar, A.M., Patil, R.R., Naik, S.R. “Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. in hyperlipidemic rats: an evidence of participation of oxidative stress in hyperlipidemia.” Indian J Exp Biol 52(1) (2014): 36–45.
- Srivastava, P.L., Shukla, A., Kalunke, R.M. “Comprehensive metabolic and transcriptomic profiling of various tissues provide insights for saponin biosynthesis in the medicinally important Asparagus racemosus.” Sci Rep 8(1) (2018): 9098.
- De Silva, N.K. “Breast development and disorders in the adolescent female. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.” 48(2018): 40–50.
- Karuna, D.S., Dey, P., Das, S., et al. “In vitro antioxidant activities of root extract of Asparagus racemosus Linn.” J Tradit Complement Med. 8(1) (2017): 60–65.
- Onlom, C., Phrompittayarat, W., Putalun, W., et al. “Immunoaffinity knockout of saponin glycosides from Asparagus racemosus to assess anti-lipid peroxidation.” Phytochem Anal 28(4) (2017): 316–323.
- Pandey, A.K., Gupta, A., Tiwari, M., et al. “Impact of stress on female reproductive health disorders: Possible beneficial effects of shatavari (Asparagus racemosus).” Biomed Pharmacother 103 (2018): 46–49.
- Tiwari, N., Gupta, V.K., Pandey, P., et al. “Adjuvant effect of Asparagus racemosus Willd. derived saponins in antibody production, allergic response and pro-inflammatory cytokine modulation.” Biomed Pharmacother 86 (2017): 555–561.
- Busayapongchai, P., Siri, S. “Simple assay for screening phytoestrogenic compounds using the oestrogen receptor immobilised magnetite nanoparticles.” IET Nanobiotechnol 11(4) (2017): 395–402.
- Bhalerao, S.A., Verma, D.R., Didwana, V.S., et al. “Saraca asoca (Roxb.), de. Wild: an overview.” Ann Plant Sci 3(7) (2014): 770–5.
- Salvia, S., Varghesea, R., Digholkara, G., et al. “Saraca asoca: A scoping review on the phytoconstituents, bioactives and their therapeutic effects.” German J Pharm Biomaterials 1(3) (2022): 3–13
- He, X., Li, X., Liu, B., et al. “Down-regulation of Treg cells and up-regulation of TH1/ TH2 cytokine ratio were induced by polysaccharide from Radix Glycyrrhizae in H22 hepatocarcinoma bearing mice.” Molecules 16(10) (2011): 8343–52.
- Yadav, V.R., Prasad, S., Sung, B. et al. “The role of chalcones in suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation and cancer.” Int Immunopharmacol 11(3) (2011): 295–309.
- Tamir, S., Eizenberg, M., Somjen, D., et al. “Estrogen-like activity of glabrene and other constituents isolated from licorice root.” J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 78(3) (2001): 291-8.
- Jiang, Y.X., Dai, Y.Y., Pan, Y.F., et al. “Total Flavonoids from Radix Glycyrrhiza Exert Anti- Inflammatory and Antitumorigenic Effects by Inactivating iNOS Signaling Pathways.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018 (2018): 6714282.
- Mazieiro, R., Frizon, R.R., Barbalho, S.M., et al. “Is Curcumin a Possibility to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Diseases?” J Med Food 21(11) (2018): 1077–1085.
- Shen, L., Jiang, H.H., Ji, H.F. “Is boiled food spice curcumin still biologically active? An experimental exploration.” Food Nutr Res 62 (2018).
- Akbar, M.U., Rehman, K., Zia, K.M., et al. “Critical Review on Curcumin as a Therapeutic Agent: From Traditional Herbal Medicine to an Ideal Therapeutic Agent.” Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 28(1) (2018): 17–24.
- Jiao, M., Liu, X., Ren, Y., et al. “Comparison of Herbal Medicines Used for Women’s Menstruation Diseases in Different Areas of the World.” Front Pharmacol 12 (2022): 751207.
- Dietz, B.M., Hajirahimkhan, A., Dunlap, T.L., et al. “Botanicals and Their Bioactive Phytochemicals for Women’s Health.” Pharmacol Rev 68(4) (2016): 1026–1073.
- Chen, H.Q., Jin, Z.Y., Wang, X.J., et al. “Luteolin protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammationinduced injury through inhibition of microglial activation.” Neurosci Lett. 448(2) (2008): 175–9.
- Islamova, G.O. “Modern management of polycystic ovary syndrome in nonobese patients.” Word of health 5 (2018): 30–35.
- Shen, W., Qi, R., Zhang, J., et al. “Chlorogenic acid inhibits LPS-induced microglial activation and improves survival of dopaminergic neurons.” Brain Res Bull 88(5) (2012): 487–94.
- Tsubanova, N.A. “Hyperprolactinemia and hypoprogesteronemia. Ways to optimize pharmacotherapy.” reproductive health. Eastern Europe 8(4) (2018): 618–631.
- van Die, M.D., Burger, H.G., Teede, H.J., et al. “Vitex agnus-castus extracts for female reproductive disorders: a systematic review of clinical trials.” Planta Med 79(7) (2013): 562–75.
- Long, X., Fan, M., Bigsby, R.M., et al. “Apigenin inhibits antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cell growth through estrogen receptor-alpha-dependent and estrogen receptor-alpha-independent mechanisms.” Mol Cancer Ther 7(7) (2008): 2096–108.
- Saleem, S., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.A., et al. “Withania somnifera L.: Insights into the phytochemical profile, therapeutic potential, clinical trials, and future prospective.” Iran J Basic Med Sci 23(12) (2020): 1501–1526.
- Ajgaonkar, A., Jain, M., Debnath, K. “Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract for Improvement of Sexual Health in Healthy Women: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.” Cureus 14(10) (2022): e30787.
- Chandrasekhar, K, Kapoor, J., Anishetty, S. “A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration fullspectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults.” Indian J Psychol Med 34(3) (2012): 255–62.
- Rahmati, B., Ghosian Moghaddam, M.H., Khalili, M., et al. “Effect of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal on Sex Hormone and Gonadotropin Levels in Addicted Male Rats.” Int J Fertil Steril 10(2) (2016): 239–44.
- Singh, M., Jayant, K., Singh, D., et al. “Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) for the possible therapeutics and clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Plant-based drug discovery and targeted therapy.” Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12 (2022): 933824.
- Straughn, A.R., Kakar, S.S. “Withaferin A ameliorates ovarian cancer-induced cachexia and proinflammatory signaling.” J Ovarian Res 12(1) (2019): 115.
- Mi-Sun, Y., June, L., Jin Moo, L., et al. “Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13.” J. Ethnopharmacol 118 (2008): 79–85.
- Dhanjal, J.K., Kumar, V., Garg, S., et al. “Molecular mechanism of anti-SARS-CoV2 activity of Ashwagandha-derived withanolides.” Int J Biol Macromol 184 (2021): 297–312.
- Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., et al. “SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor.” Cell 181(2) (2020): 271–280.e8.
- Maurya, K. D., Sharma, D. “Evaluation of traditional ayurvedic preparation for prevention and management of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) UsingMolecular docking approach.” ChemRxiv. Cambridge: Cambridge Open Engage (2020).
- Chopra, A., Chavan-Gautam, P., Tillu, G., et al. “Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Clinical Trial to Study Ashwagandha Administration in Participants Vaccinated Against COVID-19 on Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protection With COVID-19 Vaccine-A Study Protocol.” Front Med (Lausanne) 9 (2022): 761655.
- CMP “Clinical management protocol: COVID-19.” (2020) Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/ClinicalManagementProtocolforCOVID19.pdf.
- Ozgoli, G., Goli, M., Moattar, F. “Comparison of effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen on pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea.” J Altern Complement Med 15(2009): 129–32.
- Mozafari, S.H., Saei Gare Naz, M., Ozgoli, G. “Effect of ginger on dysmenorrhea: A systematic review of clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies on world.” Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 21(2018): 8–21.
- Khayat, S., Kheirkhah, M., Behboodi Moghadam, Z., et al. “Effect of treatment with ginger on the severity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms.” ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2014 (2014): 792708.
- Mozafari, S., Esmaeili, S., Momenyan, S., et al. “Effect of Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizome (ginger) capsule on postpartum pain: Double-blind randomized clinical trial.” J Res Med Sci 26 (2021): 105.
- Pourmaleky, S., Najar, S., Montazery, S., et al. “Comparison between the effect of zintoma (Ginger) and mefenamic acid on after pain during postpartum in multioarous women.” Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 16 (2013): 18–25.
- Goyal, S., Gupta, N., Chatterjee, S. “Investigating Therapeutic Potential of Trigonella foenumgraecum L. as Our Defense Mechanism against Several Human Diseases.” J Toxicol. 2016 (2016): 1250387.
- Moini Jazani, A., Nasimi Doost Azgomi, H., Nasimi Doost Azgomi, A., et al. “A comprehensive review of clinical studies with herbal medicine on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).” Daru. 27(2) (2019): 863–877.
- Tamanini, C., Basini, G., Grasselli, F., et al. “Nitric oxide and the ovary.” J Anim Sci 81(14_suppl_2)(2003): E1–E7. 10.2527/2003.8114_suppl_2E1x
- Modaresi, M., Mahdian, B., Jalalizand, A., editors. “The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of fenugreek seeds on female reproductive hormones in mice.” International Conference on Applied Life Sciences (2012): IntechOpen.
- Semwal, P., Painuli, S., Abu-Izneid, T., et al. “Diosgenin: An Updated Pharmacological Review and Therapeutic Perspectives.” Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022 (2022): 1035441.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 О.М. Носенко, Т.Я. Москаленко, Е.Ф. Чайківська, Дінь Тхі Суан Ні
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.